tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23792716678207212432024-03-13T17:05:54.763-07:00Traditional Boats - East and West - at Douglas Brooks BoatbuildingDouglas Brooks is a boatbuilder, writer and researcher, specializing in wooden boats built to traditional Western and Japanese designs. My research work involves documenting the design secrets and techniques of traditional Japanese boatbuilding, working directly with Japan's last wooden boatbuilders. I also research the boatbuilding traditions of the Lake Champlain Basin where I live.
http://www.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com
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© Douglas Brooks and douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com 2016. Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.comBlogger268125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-25557357114759564132021-07-13T15:30:00.009-07:002021-07-15T13:52:11.581-07:00Lines-Taking at the ApprenticeshopFor the last year I’ve been having an interesting correspondence with someone who I believe found me via the <a href="http://www.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/lines.html">lofting</a> page at my website. I loft boats — drawing them full-size — on sheets of large format paper for amateur boatbuilders. Lofting is the first step in traditional boatbuilding, a method of deriving fair and accurate patterns for building moulds. Its use overlapped the former method of designing and building boats and ships from half models carved of wood. While I loft boats from a designer’s drawings (specifically their table of offsets), it is also possible to measure an existing boat and record its measured shape. This is called lines-taking and in my early work for museums I’ve measured many boats, including helping measure the lines of the 220' three-masted lumber schooner CA Thayer at the maritime museum in San Francisco.
Josef remembered a favorite rowing boat from his days studying at the Apprenticeshop in Rockland, Maine, <a href="https://www.apprenticeshop.org" target="_blank"></a> one he said was built largely by eye, modified from an L. Francis Herreshoff 17-foot rowboat. Josef had donated the boat to the Apprenticeshop but decided he wanted to document its shape for future reference. We worked out a schedule coinciding with the Apprenticeshop’s summer break and met in Rockland.
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I like to loft small boats on a table. Standing is far more comfortable than working on the mould loft floor. I use a series of hollow core doors for a table, cleated together and carefully made flat atop sawhorses. We rolled out the paper and established a baseline along one edge then carefully placed the centerline of the boat above the line. We then marked off sections square to the centerline two-feet apart, matching the location of the frames in the boat. We would measure the boat at these two-foot cross sections, as well as the bow and stern profiles.
We didn’t use a level on either the table or boat. What we did do was square the boat to the surface of the table. Many boats will show a twist due to age or perhaps dating from their construction. In our case the stem and sternpost were within an 1/8” of each other, a nice break in our favor.
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For years I would measure boats by setting up a right angle, essentially an X and Y axis, and recording points on the hull. Taking a horizontal and vertical measurement to a rounded hull can risk some inaccuracy as the measuring point is meeting the hull at an acute angle. Barry Thomas, the former boatbuilder at Mystic Seaport, published an article describing his method, which in my opinion is far superior. I’ve modified it a bit but basically Thomas would mount a piece of paper to a plywood backing clamped along the section lines and squared upright. Using a tick stick one can touch points on the hull and meeting the hull at right angles improves the accuracy. Tracing the stick references the point. Not visible in this photo is a reference line we drew parallel to the centerline 20” from it. Each time we set up paper to measure a section we marked the point on the paper at the 20” reference line. We also took measurements at each lap, so in addition to getting the hull shape we also recorded how the planks are lined off, a big time-saver if Josef decides to build this boat.
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The 20” reference point is visible at the bottom left edge of the paper (be sure to click on these photos to enlarge them for a better view). The tick stick tracings are carefully labelled showing what plank they represent. The metal blade of my bevel gauge was used where there wasn’t room to fit our tick stick. The notches in the tick stick ensure that we orient it correctly at our next step.
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A shot of Josef using the small blade to record under the hull. The boat was blocked up on a pair of 4x4s to give us some room to work underneath.
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Josef recording the shape of the stem face. He also slid the tick stick alongside the stem to record the rabbet line at each plank lap. At this point that piece of paper was crowded with marks, so good labeling is extremely important.
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A look at our setup. Josef has just drawn a new centerline along the right edge of the paper and we are starting to loft the lines of the boat.
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We lay each sheet of paper down on our lofting, referencing its bottom edge along our baseline and aligning the 20” reference mark with a point 20” from our vertical centerline (we are now working in a sectional view of the hull). The stick is laid back on each tracing and the point is marked. You can see the series of points lie in the cross-sectional shape of the boat at that station. We then take a thin batten and lay it on these points and draw the shape.
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From our sections we can get heights and half-breadths that allow us to start drawing the boat full-size in profile and plan views. We’ve removed the boat and Josef is setting a batten along a plank line. For this boat, rather than lofting true waterlines and buttock lines (vertical and horizontal planes of the hull) we lofted the plank laps. It does the same thing, fairing and checking the accuracy of our sections shapes. In this case none of our points was off more than an 1/8” and most were exactly right. This lines-taking method really offers astounding accuracy. When we were done Josef rolled up the lofting to take home. He can later convert it into a scale drawing or at any time use it to build a replica.
Douglas Brooks
84 South Maple Street
Vergennes, Vermont 05491
USA
(802) 877-3289
www.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com
http://blog.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com
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http://douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/index_j.html 日本語Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-36250093647546576622020-07-19T07:48:00.002-07:002020-07-19T07:48:53.255-07:00New Book On Building the Cormorant Fishing BoatI've posted to my Instagram page a link for a free digital download of my latest book, which chronicles my 2017 project building a traditional cormorant fishing boat in Gifu, Japan. Along with others I documented the work of Mr. Seichi Nasu, who was eighty-five at the time we worked together. The publisher is Tobunken, a division of the Japanese Ministry of Culture.<br />
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<a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CCyGw33D4Gd/">https://www.instagram.com/p/CCyGw33D4Gd/</a><br />
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You can copy and paste the link shown there into your browser and in a minute or so the manuscript will download. Its in Japanese but you can enjoy the photos and drawings.<br />
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I blogged about this project back in the Spring of 2017 so you can go back and look at the construction of the boat in more detail. One fun thing that happened was posting a video of Nasu san nailing, which went mildly viral at my Instagram. You can see it for yourself <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/BUw1JYAlip1/">here</a>.<br />
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I am currently working with my publisher in Connecticut on an English version of the book. I will definitely announce it on social media once its published, hopefully before the end of the year.Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-85896933834371666842020-04-17T16:15:00.001-07:002020-04-17T16:15:35.653-07:00Do-It-Yourself Waterstone<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Three years ago I blogged here about meeting Japan's only full-time miner and maker of natural waterstones. Without repeating what I wrote, here is the link:</div>
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<a href="http://blog.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/2017/02/toishi-sharpening-stone-and-kyoto.html">http://blog.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/2017/02/toishi-sharpening-stone-and-kyoto.html</a></div>
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A week ago I was walking my dog in the park below the falls in my town of Vergennes, Vermont. The park where we walked is visible to the left of the falls. My dog ran up the hillside and following him I noticed the entire hillside was covered with hundreds of stone offcuts. Each had natural irregular faces and one sawn face. The stone is a kind of green slate, I think. Obviously, these are all offcuts of some operation making finished stone, but what struck me was how flat the sawn faces were. I wondered if the stone might be good for sharpening, because I remember in talking to the Japanese miner, struggling to translate the Japanese name for the type of stone he uses, and our online dictionary coming up with the English terms "tuff" and "slate."</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwL2jGTnYIV-li7zwHvIiVvU7IsHFb4BD29plJq4_0MBgcLThyXF_ezT2QMA_oKusiLq2ulN1_zFMIjoPMeMI8Gc9jkp3XCFyQKB26CaA824qej2FaI1tYkNSn9I9J2D3hPeDlGWllk9k/s1600/Waterstone3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1600" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwL2jGTnYIV-li7zwHvIiVvU7IsHFb4BD29plJq4_0MBgcLThyXF_ezT2QMA_oKusiLq2ulN1_zFMIjoPMeMI8Gc9jkp3XCFyQKB26CaA824qej2FaI1tYkNSn9I9J2D3hPeDlGWllk9k/s320/Waterstone3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzSNmqy36iLJBB76CPEA6QgaNlMjLiBMQ19M_3y-EPXfULYAToVMpMn_OuaFMsPhVhHLwGC0DcWB4nPwORQmF9pRXKnKK2oJRjIbLjEcfCH_4EvqTKzevtIdaRNtmB9hB_o2TGXT-S2E8/s1600/Waterstone4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1600" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzSNmqy36iLJBB76CPEA6QgaNlMjLiBMQ19M_3y-EPXfULYAToVMpMn_OuaFMsPhVhHLwGC0DcWB4nPwORQmF9pRXKnKK2oJRjIbLjEcfCH_4EvqTKzevtIdaRNtmB9hB_o2TGXT-S2E8/s320/Waterstone4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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My block was irregular so I wanted to saw off one part.</div>
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I noticed a natural split and took a chance and it broke easily and got me nearly what I wanted.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggYE1fpRe_2W6O1tE-5Sl3VTb37sCifeix83IDkWg02QxTEGpRbQG2pssrzYHry6wXUr7Xu9App_CE5YWM6UBxngGDa3KJTjYMdgBxSBtWHn72o8cg6GJP8ujo4ucyV2osO0WxyNl3Hc0/s1600/Waterstone6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1600" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggYE1fpRe_2W6O1tE-5Sl3VTb37sCifeix83IDkWg02QxTEGpRbQG2pssrzYHry6wXUr7Xu9App_CE5YWM6UBxngGDa3KJTjYMdgBxSBtWHn72o8cg6GJP8ujo4ucyV2osO0WxyNl3Hc0/s320/Waterstone6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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I trimmed the rest with my saw using a $5 composition masonry blade. It cut easily, so I had a suspicion it would make a good sharpening stone.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAEvTN8ls4eEeNHx0hMlrmfmhOAJ30Ovx4vy2Mo9PjFlq0CGnXwLGZ7KhKrgy9E7fUGbyPlK0kD52aS4CXUViVq2n5U5E4n-lECA0-vpJxexbcV31r4CfeApQ1mYXFFGlFaZlqtWE1gIU/s1600/Waterstone7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1600" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAEvTN8ls4eEeNHx0hMlrmfmhOAJ30Ovx4vy2Mo9PjFlq0CGnXwLGZ7KhKrgy9E7fUGbyPlK0kD52aS4CXUViVq2n5U5E4n-lECA0-vpJxexbcV31r4CfeApQ1mYXFFGlFaZlqtWE1gIU/s320/Waterstone7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Here is my block with the original sawn face up.</div>
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Using some water and my #150 grit diamond stone I was able to very quickly flatten it.</div>
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It looks like a very nice surface.</div>
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I did some sharpening on one of my plane blades and got a nice, mirrored finish. The stone seems soft enough to give away but still make a polished edge. I don't see any sign that it wants to fracture more. At over three inches thick I think I should get my money's worth out of it.</div>
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Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-47087315311245360322020-01-31T17:03:00.000-08:002020-01-31T17:03:34.213-08:002020 Middlebury Winter Term - The Japanese TeahouseThis month I taught my fourth Winter Term at Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont. Previously I have built traditional Japanese boats with my students but this year, in consultation with Pieter Broucke, Dean of Art and Architecture, we decided to teach a structure. I chose the Japanese teahouse. Like my previous classes, the real subject (for me, anyway) was introducing students to the pedagogy of Japanese apprenticeship, something I know a little bit about, having studied with nine boatbuilders from throughout Japan.<br />
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As much as we can, we maintain a completely silent workshop. I try to give the briefest of introductions each day and then the students work in silence. Outside of the workshop they have readings about Japanese carpentry and apprenticeship, they journal and write papers. The idea is to try and create the kind of environment I have had to work/study in in Japan.<br />
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Except for an electric drill all work was done by hand.</div>
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Half lap dovetail for our tie-beams.</div>
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We did an initial partial assemble in our workshop.</div>
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Mortising the ridge beam for our rafters.</div>
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Our main carrying beam was very heavy, and had to be taken down the stairwell to our final site.</div>
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The finished teahouse frame was erected in the main lobby of Johnson Memorial.</div>
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The main beam was lifted in place by hand. The rope and block were for safety.</div>
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Fitting the natural post, which was buckthorn cut from College lands.</div>
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I designed a very simple teahouse around a six-mat tatami floor. At one end we incorporated a natural post bordering our tokonoma display alcove, which has a cherry floor.</div>
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A look at the main beam with posts supporting our ridge.</div>
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The class waiting for our dedication.</div>
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We had a crowd of about seventy-five people.</div>
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Pieter Broucke at our Shinto alter. Our first ceremony was for the carpenters and involved purifying them and the structure through some common Shinto rituals.</div>
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Then Ms. Yui Kato, an exchange student from Tokyo and a licensed tea master, conducted a tea ceremony.</div>
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We are exploring simple ways to infill the walls of the teahouse, including a combination of burlap hangings and shoji panels.</div>
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The view on the way home after the last day of class.</div>
Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-91825034113390824122019-12-08T10:40:00.000-08:002019-12-08T12:02:48.035-08:00Two Kyoto Bucket MakersNow just back from building two boats in Japan. Just before leaving I visited two bucket makers in Kyoto whom I have profiled at this blog before, Nakagawa san and Kondo san. Nakagawa san is Kondo san’s former teacher. Nakagawa san currently has four apprentices. He is working with some European designers on his vessels.<br />
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Note how Nakagawa san rives wood at knots to get curved material for spoons, etc. Kondo san’s Japanese “shaving horse” (video) is also interesting, as is the making of <i>sokui</i>, or rice glue (video).<br />
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<a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/2TpGfYEi3de2nhQf6">https://photos.app.goo.gl/2TpGfYEi3de2nhQf6</a><br />
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<a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/UvAzShihENRDnv1Q8">https://photos.app.goo.gl/UvAzShihENRDnv1Q8</a><br />
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Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-68511938027433042602019-11-08T21:59:00.002-08:002020-05-18T05:18:27.245-07:00Now in Japan Building Two BoatsBlog post updated December 11, 2019.<br />
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This will be a very short post, one just to share with you a link to another blog where we will be posting information about the project currently underway. Look at this post weekly for updates through the month of November:<br />
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<a href="https://apprenticeshop.org/blog">https://www.apprenticeshop.org/latest-news</a><br />
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I hope you enjoy the text, photos, and video.<br />
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This research was supported by grants from the US-Japan Foundation, the Traditional Small Craft Association John Gardner Grant, the Niigata Arts Council, and an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign. The project was in cooperation with The Apprenticeshop, America's oldest boatbuilding school located in Rockland, Maine.<br />
<br />Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-54937728798598857142019-09-16T15:45:00.001-07:002019-09-16T15:46:36.368-07:00Announcement - New Research Initiative in JapanLast year I proposed a partnership with <a href="https://apprenticeshop.org/">the Apprenticeshop</a>, America's oldest boatbuilding school in Rockland, Maine, creating a boatbuilding exchange program in Japan. At the end of October I, along with Nina Noah, Director of Student Affairs and Outreach for the Apprenticeshop, will be going to Japan to work with a pair of boatbuilders making two traditional boats. We want to work together to develop projects in Japan where we can bring boatbuilding students to participate. We have a crowdfunding campaign here that is active until the end of October, 2019:<br />
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<a href="https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/building-the-tenmasen/x/22229753#/">https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/building-the-tenmasen/x/22229753#/</a></div>
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I invite you to visit our campaign, where you can learn much more about what we are doing. If you are a long-time visitor to this blog you know the scope of my research. I feel strongly that it is time to disseminate and teach these skills as much as possible, and I believe a boatbuilding school is the best way to do it.</div>
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Thank you for your consideration,</div>
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Douglas Brooks</div>
Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-59255760466388592912019-09-04T14:09:00.001-07:002019-09-20T06:47:51.103-07:00Two Boats, Two CoastsI've been teaching four and five-week Japanese boatbuilding courses at Middlebury College and Bates College, respectively (you can read about my Bates class at the previous posting), but I've long wanted to try a week-long workshop so I could expand this teaching to craft schools and other venues. This summer I've taught two such workshops: the first at the <a href="https://apprenticeshop.org/">Apprenticeshop</a> in Rockland, Maine and just last week at the <a href="https://apprenticeshop.org/">Northwest Maritime Center</a> in Port Townsend, Washington. For my Bates class and these two workshops we built slightly different versions of a type of river boat found in the delta of the Shinano River in Niigata, Japan. Japanese river boats tend to be simpler than sea boats, but they give students a chance to try all the skills of Japanese traditional boatbuilding: fitting seams with handsaws, piloting special edge-nails with unique chisels, hardwood dovetail fastenings, etc.<br />
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I was confident my workshops could build these boats in a week because in Japan that's how long it took solitary boatbuilders to make them! On that score, I am headed back to Japan this fall and will be working with two boatbuilders. One is the last builder of this type of boat in Niigata, now eighty-six, and then another boatbuilder on the Sea of Japan in Himi, Toyama. This is part of a larger research collaboration with the Apprenticeshop. We hope to create a boatbuilding exchange program with Japan. For more information and to help, please see our crowdfunding page. This campaign ends the end of October, 2019.<br />
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<a href="https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/building-the-tenmasen/x/22229753#/">https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/building-the-tenmasen/x/22229753#/</a></div>
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Historic photo showing one of these boats, a smaller version than what we built. Note the intersesting cutout in the sheer just forward of the beam.</div>
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The drawings these class boats are based on. I found some errors in the dimensions and the name of this boat, "<i>nofuninawase</i>" is itself interesting. I translate it as "farmer-built" though I could be wrong. The boatbuilder I am slated to work with calls these boats "<i>honryousen</i>," which means "typical boat."</div>
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Piloting nail holes with the sword-hilt chisel.</div>
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Edge-nailing the bottom planks.</div>
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The joint between the bow and stern planks in these boats is a tongue-and-groove. My Bates students cut this by hand, but feeling pressed for time I elected to use a router to cut grooves and then we splined this joint. Boatbuilders will be amazed at such a simple joint with no knees or any framing backing it up. There are no nails used here either; the joint is held together by the fastening of the side planking to the bottom and ends.</div>
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Laying out for the assembly of the side planking.</div>
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Side planks seams being fitted for fastening. The backbone of the boat is visible in the center.</div>
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Nailing pattern for our scarf joint in the side planks. All our material was 16-foot northern white pine.</div>
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Side planks propped in place and saw-fitting to fit to the bottom.</div>
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A single beam, along with the seat, holds the planking apart. The beam fits into shallow mortices. This boat was finished with the minimum of internal framing (which you can see from historic photos). This was due to time constraints. I had just five students in this workshop working for five days.</div>
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The completed boat. Note beams at the hood ends of the planks fore and aft.</div>
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All five students in the boat.</div>
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Preparing the bottom planks in Port Townsend, which were Ponderosa pine.</div>
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Nailing the bottom two planks together.</div>
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Cutting mortises for edge-nails.<br />
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Riley McMath, boat shop manager, did double duty as our workshop's blacksmith.</div>
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He made all of our nails in his small forge.</div>
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Once again a router, this time a trim router balanced on the edge of the plank.</div>
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The assembled side planks propped against the bottom ready to be traced for shape. Note the use of weights amidships to hold the assembly. Our ceilings were 13-feet tall which was interesting, using very long props.</div>
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Planing the flying surface on the side planks.</div>
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Saw-fitting the sides.</div>
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Note the angle cut in the end of the side planks. The beams at either end have a matching notch so the beams, which are only fastened from underneath, trap the plank ends and hold them.</div>
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We installed two beams in this boat, both with half lap dovetails at the sheer.</div>
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A look at the layout of the beam joint.</div>
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I followed another boatbuilder's tradition and had the student sign their names to the underside of one of the beams. One student carved the Chinese character for her name.</div>
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Class photo.</div>
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Once again, everyone aboard. A bit scarier with nine students.</div>
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The sculling paddle is used with a notch in the aft beam. In fact in Japan I've seen boatmen scull facing aft like this student. This student also blogged about his experience in the class: <a href="http://fretwaterlines.blogspot.com/2019/09/japanese-shinano-river-boat.html">http://fretwaterlines.blogspot.com/2019/09/japanese-shinano-river-boat.html</a></div>
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Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-59375594294970863132019-05-25T09:46:00.003-07:002019-07-26T08:03:28.275-07:002019 Bates College Short Term - Launching!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2QaWYCxF8zdMOE-B1rfJPG2Zdp5lnDhIj1Kx2S1bll9w14fLVuUULSMXWQVu4i-NNsaR7XlbLz9maGzn8LKtNrZ6GzJcz06i7ly03MII8pRn1yl-SqNoyYnhk4Yyz4z5THNxJd9K7pn0/s1600/1+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2QaWYCxF8zdMOE-B1rfJPG2Zdp5lnDhIj1Kx2S1bll9w14fLVuUULSMXWQVu4i-NNsaR7XlbLz9maGzn8LKtNrZ6GzJcz06i7ly03MII8pRn1yl-SqNoyYnhk4Yyz4z5THNxJd9K7pn0/s320/1+%25282%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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My Bates College Short Term class has wrapped up. I'll begin this post by sharing some historic photos of this type of boat. These were taken in Niigata Prefecture, probably in the 1950s.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkQ4yB8zXrzA6acAVzqHV6251WT6Yzjs2HNpB1qEEmTH-1d5rgR_4Cpy-K6h1O-T_E_y3OIjJWYx9wiRo2inkkm5rhgea-56NR4B5P-vKPLUz6aafJkU32rpw0deUdgw_CFkVpe4EkIsA/s1600/2+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="840" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkQ4yB8zXrzA6acAVzqHV6251WT6Yzjs2HNpB1qEEmTH-1d5rgR_4Cpy-K6h1O-T_E_y3OIjJWYx9wiRo2inkkm5rhgea-56NR4B5P-vKPLUz6aafJkU32rpw0deUdgw_CFkVpe4EkIsA/s320/2+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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These boats were all-purpose vessels used by farmers and fishermen in the large delta of the Shinano River. Here men are dredging sand, a seasonal job as the river channels constantly silted up. Large post-War drainage projects allowed roads to be built, which made most of these boats obsolete as farmers purchased trucks.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip5ssp5mqAiS7crAWo_rgugoYjC_h33YjZhOq__J0oRTysV7BM1bOGoOG4bumuH4tb_g78aqSWf3ERoefkG-KwyiiPANz1HrODKaGe-hZnKURWByg01kxwAi3hIY2Cfu-VdgrgN8DBSGE/s1600/3+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1600" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip5ssp5mqAiS7crAWo_rgugoYjC_h33YjZhOq__J0oRTysV7BM1bOGoOG4bumuH4tb_g78aqSWf3ERoefkG-KwyiiPANz1HrODKaGe-hZnKURWByg01kxwAi3hIY2Cfu-VdgrgN8DBSGE/s320/3+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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You can see the backbone of one of our boats and the two side planks. Each side plank was composed of four planks edge-nailed together.</div>
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Saw fitting the seams between the side and bottom planking.</div>
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The hulls complete.</div>
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A student fitting one of the beams. These have a half lap joint where they join the hull.</div>
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At the bow and stern blocking is installed to tie together the ends of the planking. Here a student does some creative clamping while scribing the shape.</div>
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Chiseling the notch for the beam half lap.</div>
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Someone suggested we check and make sure the boats fit out of our workshop space.</div>
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And so they did!</div>
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The last step was hand planing the sides and bottom.</div>
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The finished boats.</div>
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Final trip out of the workshop. The students are wearing <i>happi </i>coats and traditional Japanese jackets.</div>
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They carried the boats across campus to Lake Andrews, known on campus as the Puddle.</div>
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Our Shinto alter and our two boats. The ceremony was Shinto-based and featured a marvelous sailor's folk song sung by Ian Sawyer-Lee, a Japanese musician.</div>
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Boats in the water (on-the-water photos by Angela Robins <a href="http://angelarobins.com/">angelarobins.com</a>).</div>
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You can also see a short video of the launch <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/BxyCbjVnC-z/?igshid=f91nrultkp3n">here</a> and Bates College published <a href="https://www.bates.edu/news/2019/05/23/boats-made-at-bates-all-the-way-from-japan/">this article</a> on the class and our launching.</div>
<br />Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-77601073048311639572019-04-28T14:10:00.000-07:002019-04-28T14:10:20.915-07:002019 Bates College Short TermI have reprised my college Japanese boatbuilding class at a different school for a different time of year. Having taught this class three times at Middlebury College during Winter Term I am here in spring in Lewiston, Maine at Bates College. Bates runs a five-week semester called Short Term. Like Middlebury, students take just one class. We meet four days a week. My class of fourteen is divided into two sessions (too many students to keep busy at once) and we all meet once a week for a discussion of the readings, journals, and students' final papers. I am specifically working for an initiative called the Center for Purposeful Work as a Practitioner-Teacher. You can read the full course description <a href="https://www.bates.edu/purposeful-work/practitioner-taught-courses/apprentice-learning-building-the-japanese-boat/">here.</a><br />
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Had to amend our original boat design when I got here, saw the space, and realized we could never get the boat out of the room. Each section is now building its own 22-foot river boat from Niigata Prefecture. These were used by farmers for a variety of roles in an area of once-expansive wetlands.</div>
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Students begin fitting the bottom planks using handsaws, a key Japanese boatbuilding technique.</div>
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Some of our selection of tools.</div>
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Chiseling mortises for our edge-nails.</div>
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When not working directly on the boat, students are expected to be sharpening.</div>
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Piloting nails holes with special chisels called <i>tsubanomi.</i></div>
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The first group edge-nailing their bottom planks.</div>
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The second group pounding the plank edges, the last step before nailing.</div>
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<br />Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-61398054035879541002019-02-10T15:29:00.002-08:002019-02-14T06:05:02.092-08:00Tenryugawa Wooden Boat Symposium - 2<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
So my week here in Iida, Nagano has wrapped up. I spent almost five days working with the boatbuilders and then gave the keynote address at the symposium. It all went extremely well and I can say I made many new friends. It was also fascinating to take part in the construction of a river boat and I scrambled to take notes and measurements. The boatbuilder uses no drawings; only patterns.</div>
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We managed to get two strakes around the boat in less than a week's time. Now they have just one strake to go and the hull is finished. There's no internal framing except for two horizontal beams installed across the hull at the gunwale. Later the outside of the hull gets fiberglassed and two metal frames are bolted inside the hull to allow the boats to be lifted out of the water with a crane at the end of the downriver trip. They are then trucked back to the starting point.</div>
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A look at the scarf joint used to join planks. Each strake, or run of the planking, is made up of three boards scarfed together.</div>
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In lieu of angle measurements and plank widths, we used this pattern which contains all that information. The plank widths are marked and we set the plank angles to the pattern.</div>
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The boatbuilder here had an interesting process for cutting the mortises for the edge-nails. He was very fast so I wanted to document it. First he makes a relief cut marking the bottom of the mortise.</div>
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Then he makes a series of relief cuts marking the side of the mortise. Note the slight curve.</div>
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Then, angling the chisel steeply, he cuts the shape of the other side down to the bottom. The material breaks out up to the relief cuts on the other side. He free hands the shape of the right side, though I made a matching set of relief cuts to try and get a symmetrical mortise.</div>
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Then he cuts vertically down the left side. The chisel is angled steeply back, away from the camera, and rocked slightly as its struck. By the time the chisel reaches the bottom of the mortise the upper corner of the edge should have plunged to the full depth. The chisel is 8 bu wide (about 7/8") and laid over at 45 degrees it will have cut the proper depth.</div>
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The last pass is vertically down the right side, chisel still angled away from the camera.</div>
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The finished mortise. When we plunge the tsubanomi from the plank edge to the mortise to make the pilot hole it breaks out the waste in the center at the base of the mortise. We then use a small chisel to clean out the mortise right before nailing. This method is very quick.</div>
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My guest house for the week, a restored and converted 200-year old home. The young couple who run the place actually didn't buy it, but rent it for a very small amount. Some people simply can't part with old family homes but will rent them for very little money, knowing that an empty house can quickly succumb to decay. Please see their website: <a href="http://yamairo-gh.com/">yamairo-gh.com</a>.</div>
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The couple who run the guest house are part of a small, but growing phenomenon of young people heading back to the countryside and finding creative ways of making a living. In this case the woman was from Iida, but spent four years working for an architectural firm in Tokyo. After spending a year in Berlin with her husband they were inspired by the guest houses they say there and decided to try and replicate the concept in her home town.</div>
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The jackets are for customers to wear while lounging in the common spaces. It is a traditional house, therefore no central heating and no insulation. We had small, portable kerosene heaters, and plenty of quilts on the beds.</div>
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The inn has just a few private rooms and mostly dormitory-style accommodations, with each person getting a fully enclosed bunk-type bed. Its a bit like Japan's famous <a href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1280&bih=670&ei=EtBgXI3_Lsbw_AbUtJf4Dw&q=capsule+hotel&oq=capsule+&gs_l=img.1.0.0l10.45.1173..3423...0.0..0.380.1675.2-5j1......0....1..gws-wiz-img.8jORApz7rLE">capsule hotels</a>. The rates are less than thirty dollars a night and breakfast is about four dollars. They also do dinners.</div>
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Next door is the massive home of a former sake merchant. In the foreground is the <i>kura, </i>or fireproof storehouse. Iida has the biggest kura I have ever seen in Japan.</div>
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The day before the symposium we had a holiday so staff could set up for the conference. I took the day and drove two hours west to see my teacher from 2017, Mr. Seichi Nasu. He's finishing up a small boat he's built on speculation, and had another fishing boat he was repairing. I wrote a series of blog posts about that project beginning <a href="http://blog.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/2017/05/it-begins.html">with this one</a>.</div>
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At the symposium Yazawa san, the master boatbuilder, demonstrated his rhythmic nailing technique on the conference stage. I couldn't seem to upload the video to this blog but look for it at my <a href="https://www.instagram.com/douglasbrooksboatbuilding/">Instagram page</a>.</div>
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It was nice to see a brand-new set of nail chisels and a fresh box of new nails. I'd feared all the sources for these materials had all but dried up in Japan, but the folks here found a blacksmith in Sanjyo City, a very famous tool-making town in Niigata Prefecture, that has begun making boat nails and these specialized tools. The nails are about a dollar apiece, and the chisels are over two hundred dollars. They are all hand-made, however.</div>
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We had a tour bus visit the shop my last day.</div>
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A look at the bow with one plank remaining.</div>
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People here have said over and over how the local boatbuilding traditions came from the Kiso and Nagara River valleys to the west, where I worked in 2017. These boats show a definite resemblance to the boat I built there.</div>
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The Tenryu river flows due south out of the mountains to the coast and was a vital avenue for trade to and from the interior. The boats would sail back upriver with prevailing winds. </div>
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Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-60021386061221395552019-02-05T02:39:00.002-08:002019-02-10T13:51:41.141-08:00Tenryugawa Wooden Boat Symposium<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
I am back in Japan, albeit briefly, to give the keynote talk at Japan's first Wooden Boat Symposium, organized by the Tenryugawa Kudari, a white water tour boat company. I blogged about them before <a href="http://blog.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/2017/07/post-launch-and-tenryu-river.html">here</a>. They build a new wooden tour boat most winters and I came a bit early to spend some time working with the boatbuilders.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2CzQ7EEOngbtg4RLGgqWbkzf8wfo1Z0AAy-aixDPS8dec69uKylSaZ4DzjCi_lsukrin9bxPZ7DVdehHM0fh0OVGew5aZTyLxccdaSihB_R7Xbxnx9zJBfp2w2pYfXbL8S-W6jomiRfU/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1600" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2CzQ7EEOngbtg4RLGgqWbkzf8wfo1Z0AAy-aixDPS8dec69uKylSaZ4DzjCi_lsukrin9bxPZ7DVdehHM0fh0OVGew5aZTyLxccdaSihB_R7Xbxnx9zJBfp2w2pYfXbL8S-W6jomiRfU/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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One thing I've seen river boat builders do in Japan is hold their boats on the building stocks with weights. Normally most boatbuilders use props braced to the overhead beams of their shops. Here the backbone of the boat has been weighted with large concrete blocks.</div>
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And here I am doing what I do best: record all the things that are unrecorded. Here I am tracing the boatbuilder's patterns, this one is for the bow transom (visible in the previous photo). Like all river boat builders I have met, the builder here does not use drawings. He relies on patterns and memorized dimensions.</div>
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The first day I was there Yazawa san, the chief boatbuilder, performed a keel-laying ceremony and offered prayers to the builder's safety. A visiting elementary school class looks on as he pours sake on the bow.</div>
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With the garboard on we scribed the next strake by wrapping it around the hull and tracing the top edge of the garboard. Here the first plank - garboard in English - is called the <i>motogi, </i>a term I have never heard before.</div>
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A look at the stern transom, made of two pieces peaked in the middle. This shape is not uncommon in Japanese river boats.</div>
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Next to us are stored some of the company's fleet of 38-foot tour boats. The outsides are fiberglassed, and the company has been doing that for forty years.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX9B5ilosJeMFFCxrM-jGXqsH65lXh7yTDIYFYaLYu3FClIJXmBADbaMRCRgv9cDCgf0uNMCNtwb0hkn58JJTOza7YxCLrFm-weL0mvqjNJ4xR-OZ__tbNNNKP12McdBgltB1uE0pBnvQ/s1600/5+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1600" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX9B5ilosJeMFFCxrM-jGXqsH65lXh7yTDIYFYaLYu3FClIJXmBADbaMRCRgv9cDCgf0uNMCNtwb0hkn58JJTOza7YxCLrFm-weL0mvqjNJ4xR-OZ__tbNNNKP12McdBgltB1uE0pBnvQ/s320/5+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Tagiri san, Yazawa san's master, stopped by today. He is 75 and he told me he built about 200 of these boats. He watched us for a long time and then, seeing the two apprentices struggling, he jumped in and began to lead them.</div>
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A view of the stern with the two strakes wrapped around for scribing.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOtQQXIQGydpiZouhkZ5XhyphenhyphenVEVv2yo37iWrFoN6BvgY30Rc_ojL8pULc8874qSCccB4_f0oi6sAeD3vggxVziCfILl9KRQZ88e-09LRb2IRhMf5cbfhyphenhyphenL7EQkYBgvdxJDSMaubtxuMgt8/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1060" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOtQQXIQGydpiZouhkZ5XhyphenhyphenVEVv2yo37iWrFoN6BvgY30Rc_ojL8pULc8874qSCccB4_f0oi6sAeD3vggxVziCfILl9KRQZ88e-09LRb2IRhMf5cbfhyphenhyphenL7EQkYBgvdxJDSMaubtxuMgt8/s320/5.jpg" width="211" /></a></div>
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A view from the other end after they had been fastened.</div>
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The shop was swamped by the media today. Here five reporters interview Yazawa san.</div>
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A view of the planking. You can see the mortises for the edge-nailing (these boats have no frames) and the dogs used to clamp the planks together. The construction is very reminiscent (though not exactly the same) as the cormorant fishing boat I helped build in 2017 in Gifu. That was on the Nagara River, about two hours from here, but everyone here says the boatbuilding traditions originated in Gifu. I started blogging about that project <a href="http://blog.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/2017/05/it-begins.html">here</a>.</div>
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I am also working on a project with <a href="http://apprenticeshop.org/">The Apprenticeshop</a> of Rockland, Maine to create an exchange program in Japan for their students. The Tenryugawa Kudari has agreed to work with us and I hope in the future we can have the Apprenticeshop's students working alongside the Japanese boatbuilders.</div>
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Finally this tool, a simple device that is expandable and used for measuring inside dimensions. The name is <i>bakabou</i>, which means literally "stupid pole." The "stupid" part is a reference to its use as a jig, obviating the need to think or calculate. I met a boatbuilder in Japan last fall who referred to all his patterns as baka.</div>
<br />Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-17979658356255311632018-12-16T03:07:00.001-08:002018-12-16T03:11:31.941-08:00Cormorant Fishing, Guilin, CHINASeven weeks of looking at cormorant fishing in Asia end here in Guilin, China. I hired an interpreter and guide to take me to see a fisherman on his traditional bamboo raft on the Li River at dawn.<br />
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Guilin if famous for the karst mountains which form the Li River Valley. Its truly a stunning landscape. Today fishing is strictly regulated by the government for conservation, so the cormorant fishing is basically staged for tourists.</div>
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Our interpreter had arranged for us to meet Blackbeard (as he calls himself), who maintains a traditional bamboo raft and keeps cormorants. I will admit this is staged but again, its really no different from what exists in Japan.</div>
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Blackbeard demonstrated throwing the round net.</div>
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The large basket stored on the bow of the raft is basically a fish trap one can plunge into the water. Note the charred sections fore and aft where the bamboo was bent with heat.</div>
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Despite the staged nature of all of this, there are actually a large number of bamboo rafts in the region. After meeting the fisherman he agreed to join us later at another spot on the river to learn about bamboo raft making.</div>
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The rafts are lashed together at the stern using plastic strapping. At the bow (the butt end of the bamboo) they are pinned with a wood or metal pin. This is because the bow of the boat needs to be stiff, while the stern can be more flexible.</div>
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Here Blackbeard is showing us how the bamboo is stripped of its skin prior to bending. The two most technical aspects of building bamboo rafts is bending the bamboo fore and aft using fire and maintaining the raft so the hull doesn't dry too quickly and crack.</div>
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Blackbeard showed us how you hang the bamboo by one end then apply fire to bend the material.</div>
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This tool, used to strip the skin of the bamboo, is just like the Japanese <i>nata.</i></div>
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A traditional raft on the shoreline. The basket is traditional for cormorant fishermen as is the fish trap. Note the rafts in the background made of plastic pipe.</div>
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Blackbeard was kind enough to introduce us to his brother-in-law, who makes bamboo fish traps.</div>
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A look down the mouth of the trap, which has layers of spikes to keep the fish inside.</div>
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Finished traps.</div>
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The next day we met a bamboo basket maker, and he started a cormorant basket for us.</div>
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Having woven the bottom he starts the turn the strips upward and begins to weave the sides.</div>
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The start of the basket and a finished basket. I am now in Shanghai and I saw a tourist video showing a boat with cormorants in the river village of Fengjian, so I might make an effort to get there.</div>
<br />Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-29149832449505864512018-12-07T05:02:00.003-08:002018-12-07T18:36:12.597-08:00Hita, Oita and Iwakuni, Yamaguchi Cormorant Fishing Boats and Bamboo Crafts<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Heading north through Kyushu my next stop was Hita, Oita Prefecture. Cormorant fishing boats are used on the river here, like elsewhere in Japan, now just for summer tourists to watch. I agreed to meet a friend’s father who lives nearby and he had some contacts at City Hall who helped us locate one of two local builders. This man then met us at the river and we looked at a boat he built. Mr. Matsumura had been a truck driver who became interested in boatbuilding. He told us the last professional boatbuilder stopped working thirty years ago and he and another craftsman have kept things going. The boat I decided to measure was one he built twelve years ago and he said it was exactly like the former builder’s boat, but he added since then he’s changed the design slightly, widening it a little bit to give the boats more stability. He also uses common wire nails and screws instead of traditional boat nails.</div>
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He took us to his house where he had boats in a variety of sizes, including tiny three meter version he says is for one person. I decided to measure a small one, perfect if someone wanted a Japanese style dinghy.</div>
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Talking to Matsumura san while my contact looks on.</div>
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While I was measuring the cormorant fishing boat one of the fishermen came by. He showed us how he stands far aft when poling the boat, and wedges his foot under a beam in the bottom.</div>
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After measuring I left for Beppu, a city nearby where I planned to stay for the night. For several years I’ve been corresponding with <a href="http://www.bamboooita.blogspot.com/">Stephen Jensen</a>, a Middlebury College alumnae and the first foreign graduate of the Oita Bamboo Crafts School. English readers interested in bamboo crafts will enjoy scrolling through his blog; he offers a lot of great information in English. </div>
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I am very interested in how crafts are taught in Japan, especially in light of the crisis facing crafts taught through a traditional apprentice system. It turns out the bamboo school has been in existence since 1939. For the most part, western-style craft schools are a very recent thing in Japan, so this was a surprise. Earlier this trip I met a <a href="http://blog.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/2018/11/2018-research-travel-japan-and-china.html">furniture-maker</a> near Mt. Fuji who is opening a woodworking school he hopes will be based on many principles of apprentice training. My own <a href="http://blog.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/2018/01/2018-middlebury-college-winter-term.html">college Japanese boatbuilding courses</a> seek to marry training styles of Japan and the West.</div>
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The current program is two years, with twelve students admitted. The program is tuition-free, though students have to buy specific work clothes and a set of tools. From the short tour I got I could see the influence of the apprentice way of learning. First year students spend months at the start simply learning how to split and prepare bamboo. They finish the first year learning how to make a series of small baskets, typically one type a month. Only when they have mastered the basics do they move on. After a full year of instruction they begin to experiment with their own designs.</div>
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Second year student with her bamboo sculpture</div>
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Examples of high quality bamboo work in an adjacent gallery.</div>
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From Beppu I traveled to Asakura, Oita to see the cormorant boats there. What I found were boats identical to those I saw in Hita, and indeed, when I talked to one of the boatmen he told me all their boats were sourced from Hita. He was an elderly man, and said he had no memory of boats actually being built in Asakura. One major difference is the fishermen in Asakura use outboard motors, so the boats have some framing aft to accommodate the motor.</div>
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A close-up of the framing supporting the outboard motor.</div>
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The next day I reached Iwakuni. Early in the trip I’d seen the cormorant fishing boats here and met the builder but did not have time to measure one. These are the last boats of this type I am seeing in Japan this trip, so I spent the afternoon measuring one along with one of the small ayu fishing boats that were laying nearby. This boat was quite similar at first glance to <a href="http://blog.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/2018/11/takatsu-river-boat-and-rural-travel.html">the boat I measured</a> upriver on the Takatsu River.</div>
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The cormorant boats share the same basic shape as the boat <a href="http://douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/ukaibune.html">I built in Gifu last year</a>, though they are made entirely of cedar and are shorter. They also have three planks per side rather than four. The bottoms are also completely flat athwartships, unlike the slight curve from side to side in the Gifu boats. A boatman came along and we chatted. He quickly acknowledged a direct link between the Gifu boats and these.</div>
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The boats that carry tourist who watch the fishing are quite lovely too. They are also a similar style to the ones used on the Nagara River in Gifu and Seki but the boatman pointed out here the bow rises higher due to the river conditions.</div>
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Small fishing boats along the river.</div>
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Iwakuni is most famous for its arched timber bridge.</div>
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The small fishing boat I measured.</div>
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Now off to Guilin, China in a few days where I hope to see the cormorant fishing. Stay tuned.</div>
<br />Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-64785326865264721622018-12-04T00:42:00.001-08:002018-12-04T00:47:06.264-08:00Another River, Another Boat: Kuma River (Kumagawa)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
After leaving Nagasaki I drove through a series of islands to get back to Kumamoto Prefecture. I wanted to head up the Kuma River (Kumagawa) and see if I could find any cormorant fishing boats. I knew of a downriver boat company that still used wooden boats.</div>
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Like all the rivers I've traveled in Japan this trip the Kumagawa was gorgeous: crystal clear water and stunning scenery. </div>
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No wonder the Japanese maple is so celebrated. Here its December and they still hold the height of their colors.</div>
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Outside of the town of Hitoyoshi I found this boat at the side of the road. From what I have learned this trip a classic river boat design: long and narrow with a wide, plank bow, a simple three-plank cross section, and just a few beams for framing. I love them all.</div>
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Here is the tourist boat fleet. In talking with the boatmen I learned there was no cormorant fishing in this area and also they no longer have a boatbuilder who can supply them new boats. I found one in fiberglass. I made it clear to them I'd be more than happy to discuss building them new boats.</div>
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Nearby were several fishing boats, the same type I'd seen at the side of the road. The boatmen said these were fishing boats and the fishermen used nets to catch ayu.</div>
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Interestingly there was a very professionally built fiberglass version laying alongside two wooden boats.</div>
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I was trying to figure out how I'd measure a swamped boat (I've already baled a couple of boats to measure them) when I found these two up on the waterfront road.</div>
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This boat had a couple of slight differences from the derelict boat I'd seen at the side of the road: The bow plank is slightly curved and also has a very slight hourglass shape, something I only realized when I measured it. Also this type has much more sheer than the other river boats I've seen this trip.</div>
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In this photo you can see the curve of the bow (in profile) and also make out that hourglass. The bottom of this boat is covered in fiberglass. But the most interesting thing is the hollow in the bottom. If you sight down the chine you can see how in the middle of the boat the bottom rises up slightly. I might have taken this for deterioration, but luckily a fisherman I talked to in Shimane (see my earlier blog post on the cormorant boats of the Takatsu River) told me about this feature. Later someone told me the reason was the hollow traps air and provides buoyancy, an explanation that I don't think holds much water. However yesterday a cormorant fisherman in Hita, Oita Prefecture (subject of my next blog post) told me this makes the boat easier to turn. He said working alone one stands all the way in the stern of the boat, lifting the forward half out of the water. In a sense the bulge in the bottom aft is the only part of the bottom immersed, and it acts like the rocker of a smaller boat, providing turning ability.</div>
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Here I am measuring a cross-section. I've been assuming builders' stations were located at beam locations, and indeed at these spots most of the dimensions are easy-to-remember numbers. This is typical of Japanese boatbuilders, who have to memorize dozens of dimensions. Also this trip it continues to be confirmed that river boat builders never used drawings.</div>
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Historic photo from fifty years ago showing the fleet of boats of the tour company. They are down to just six now. Sad, because a river ride would be a gorgeous trip. They couldn't take me because they said they needed at least four passengers to ballast the boats safely.</div>
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An even older photo. Boats have been taking tourists downriver for one hundred years, though obviously the river was a vital avenue for moving cargo for much longer. Note the sails in the background.</div>
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Back to the coast and heading north toward my next cormorant fishing river, I stopped to see the fleet of <i>utasebune, </i>sailing trawl fishing boats. These are very dramatic boats and there is still a small fleet fishing. This one was grounded waiting for the tide to turn. Note the two long spars laying on deck. You'll see in the following photos how they were used.</div>
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Found an amazing derelict.</div>
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I noticed all the gear was still on board. No one bothered to strip the hull of useful material.</div>
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The sails were still hanked on!</div>
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Another derelict showed details of construction. The hulls are built of thick planks (about 2") bolted to heavy sawn frames, but still edge-nailed in the Japanese fashion between frames.</div>
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Two utasebune are used as tour boats. Spectators ride one and watch this one fishing. This boat is forty years old and the hull is fiberglass.</div>
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And here is what they look like, with the sails close-hauled moving sideways pulling the trawl net. This type of fishing was quite common in the Inland Sea region, also in Urayasu on Tokyo Bay, and here in Kumamoto. There is also a similar type called a <i>hobikisen, </i>(literally sail-pulling-boat) on Lake Kasumigaura near Narita Airport. I am in conversation with a group on the Inland Sea that wants to build a new one. Wish me luck!</div>
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<br />Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-9015478202314414322018-11-29T03:09:00.001-08:002018-11-29T03:09:56.461-08:00Goto Islands (Gotojima) Back To The Land<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
On my way south to Kyushu to see more cormorant boats I stopped to see someone I'd met in 2016 when I taught a series of boatbuilding workshops in conjunction with my exhibition of boatbuilding at the Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum in Kobe. Miyazaki san lives on Gotojima and he described a remarkable life he and his wife have created. He also wanted to introduce me to the island's last boatbuilder.</div>
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It began with his house, a 200-year old thatch roof farmhouse from Hiroshima, which Miyazaki san bought and had disassembled and brought to Goto. This, remarkable as it is, was just the beginning.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGXrE9YkYPQoAAsL9OD1M4p-13Wsjo00rUKFzU2uOI0VpTYwIb4mj-T-gV76jT7KdBoFw2TB3kWD7SRCTaO_e4avg3Z6PUHJK5hcpllrMMEjILRxtvYQ4neL8RYAIcD_lOf4-bKmxdjqM/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="1600" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGXrE9YkYPQoAAsL9OD1M4p-13Wsjo00rUKFzU2uOI0VpTYwIb4mj-T-gV76jT7KdBoFw2TB3kWD7SRCTaO_e4avg3Z6PUHJK5hcpllrMMEjILRxtvYQ4neL8RYAIcD_lOf4-bKmxdjqM/s320/2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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His rocket stove, which rests on a plastered base. The flue gases run through a baffle in the metal drum, then through the ceramic bench before finally reaching the brick chimney base, which acts as a heat sink, before finally exiting up the flue pipe you see here.</div>
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A view of the interior, a combination of traditional and modern rooms.</div>
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Behind the house Miyazaki san built a workshop for his son who is a cooper.</div>
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The son apprenticed with the last cooper on the island and inherited his tools. He's also part of a consortium of coopers who now travel throughout Japan build large-scale barrels principally for soy sauce companies. They also invite trainees to join them.</div>
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His longest joiner plane is simply a regular plane dropped upside down into a mortise in a long, straight hardwood timber.</div>
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Innovative handle for a bucket.</div>
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He sells his work through a website. Here are small bucket staves glued and clamped.</div>
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He challenged himself by building a <a href="http://douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/taraibune.html">taraibune,</a> the first type of boat I studied in Japan.</div>
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The island's boatbuilder made this 12-footer in less than two weeks.</div>
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The beam ends come through the planking and are capped with copper.</div>
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Yamaguchi san holding his father's stem pattern. He is 69 and apprenticed with his father building wooden boats, but the local industry switched to fiberglass soon after, so he spent his career building fiberglass boats. Miyazaki san has hired him to teach him how to build a boat, a project they are doing in January. Yamaguchi san told me his father lost his left arm in the Battle of Iwo Jima (less then 2% of the Japanese defenders survived) and came back home, apprenticed in a shipyard, and then started his own. Yamaguchi remembers having to hold the nail and nail set while his father swung the hammer. He said he started helping his father at age twelve.</div>
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Miyazaki san's other son is a blacksmith. He apprenticed with an older craftsman too and bought his shop and tools.</div>
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His main product are kitchen knives.</div>
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Miyazaki san showed us his supply of thatching materials. He plans on building a smaller, thatch-roofed house on his property, where he also plows with a steer, grows rice, and owns two horses.</div>
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Miyazaki san showed us where he cut the thatch for his house.</div>
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The islands are beautiful and the waters are clear and warm.</div>
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Back at the house Miyazaki san has been practicing ripping logs into planks using the <i>maebiki,</i> the traditional ripsaw. I helped him finish one cut. Trading off we cut one meter in about an hour. The unusual saws were a very important development in Japanese architecture, as they greatly increased the output of sawn timber, replacing two-person saws.</div>
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I went up into the attic of the house. In the old days families raised silkworms in these upper spaces.</div>
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To my surprise, I found the flue pipe from the stove. The chimney does not penetrate the roof, instead the smoke fills the attic space (and sometimes the house) and slowly percolates out through the thatch. This is necessary because the smoke keeps bugs out of the thatch and also keeps all those lashings holding the bamboo to the rafters tight.</div>
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One last look at the house. These kind of homes are sitting abandoned all over rural Japan. Miyazaki san paid nothing for the house but obviously had to pay for the disassembly, trucking, and disposal of what he didn't take. Still....</div>
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Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-695706275234861452018-11-22T17:02:00.002-08:002018-11-22T23:54:46.867-08:00Takatsu River Boat and Rural TravelMy contacts in Masuda told me they knew of one more historic boat, located in a small museum far up the Takatsu River. I was headed back across the mountains to Hiroshima so I decided to see if I could find the place and check out the boat. I took a different road in the interests of exploration, following the Takatsugawa towards its source.<br />
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<span style="text-align: start;">I stopped often to take photos of the river and as I walked around a rock outcrop to take this shot what should I find but a completely fiberglass boat, an exact copy of the traditional, local design, no doubt made be either laying glass over an old boat or using an old boat to make a mold. I have met many builders in Japan who were forced to switch to fiberglass constructions (called FRP in Japan) and most simply built the same designs they had built in wood.</span></div>
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I took one short side trip up a mountainside to see a village of terraced rice fields. By and large driving in rural Japan is easy. Signage is generally great and there are plenty of wonderful roadside facilities, most of which feature local produce and products for sale. The terraced rice fields were marked with one tiny sign that I almost missed driving past at 80 kph.<br />
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The view from the very top. The village actually followed the valley around to the left. You see here only about one-third of the total elevation of the terraces.</div>
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A woman tending her vegetables. Note her electric cart to the right. Rural Japanese farmers simply do not quit. The idea of not farming is unfathomable to them.</div>
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You have to marvel at the amount of labor required to terrace this mountainside, all hand-laid stone. I asked a local how old the village was and he said, "Heike jidai" which would indicated back to the 1300s.</div>
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Above the last cultivated terraces I found more, taken over by the cedar forest.</div>
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In an abandoned barn I found an old wooden hand-crank rice separator. Made of wood and tin these were common. </div>
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Back down to earth, a roadside rest stop.</div>
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Finally, the Suigen Kaikan. The museum is part of a water park.</div>
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Beautiful timber frame architecture.</div>
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An exhibit of farming equipment.</div>
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A huge dragon made of rice straw, used in a local ceremony.</div>
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The boat! Twenty-three feet overall and lovely lines. The man at the ticket window said it is about fifty years old. This type was called locally <i>kurikomibune.</i></div>
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An exhibit photo. I sent an image of the label copy to my friend Reiko in Masuda and she kindly translated it:</div>
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“For the people who lived in Muikaichi or towns along the Takatsu River, the river’s bountiful fish was precious food. In Tsuwano-han( Tsuwano domain in Edo period), fishermen had to pay tax which was calculated on the basis of the catch. This tax system was called ‘Kawa-yaku-gin.’</div>
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Those people’s fishing style was called as ‘Kurikomi’ and their boat was also called as ‘Kurikomi-bune.’ In Muikaichi, there was a traditional iron factory, a foot operated bellows called ‘Tatara.’ People carried iron sand, which was dug in Ino in Misumi town, to the iron factory by the Kurikomi-bune sailing on the Takatsu River. The Takatsu River running among mountains and having a lot of volume of water was an important river for folk’s life."</div>
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The curve in the beams a beautiful touch.</div>
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As is the sheave built into the stem, and the copper cladding.</div>
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Soon after I left my road suddenly became one lane perched on the edge of a gorge.</div>
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As I got closer to Hiroshima, suddenly a scene of devastation from last summer's mudslides.</div>
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The entire first floor of this building was scoured out.</div>
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Within feet of the mudslide was this large abandoned farmhouse.</div>
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Unlocked, I decided to explore. Original rammed earth douma, or workspace.</div>
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The huge beams overhead blackened by the cooking fires.</div>
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A family photo hanging on the wall.</div>
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Timber framing. For scale the vertical post is almost 12" x 12".</div>
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Veranda. Note the huge beam running the length of the front of the house.</div>
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The bathtub is an iron pot.</div>
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Fired from outside.</div>
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And I guess the tradition of nailing a horseshoe for good luck extends to Japan.</div>
Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-13394526599826953972018-11-20T00:12:00.002-08:002018-11-21T03:39:59.109-08:00Ukaibune (Cormorant Fishing Boats) in Masuda, Shimane<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Yesterday I drove from Miyoshi out of the mountains to Masuda, a small city on the Sea of Japan. I decided to forgo the expressway for the secondary state roads. It took over twice as long but it was a gorgeous drive.</div>
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I was surprised, however, when State Route 433 became a one lane road.</div>
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My compact Honda Fit barely made some of the hairpin turns, and thank goodness no other car came the other way or one of us would have been backing up for a mile or more. This one lane stretch took me over a pass and lasted for several miles.</div>
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Back on the open, two-lane road, I traveled through one lovely village and hamlet after another.</div>
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In Masuda I met my contacts, Reiko and Eriko. Reiko is a volunteer guide with the Takatsu River Foundation and Eriko is her friend. Reiko had found a fisherman, Mr. Takamori, for me to meet. He has two boats and happily let me measure the larger one. He said fishing with cormorants here ended about twenty years ago but they used the same type of boat he uses.</div>
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It turns out Eriko's husband's grandfather was the last usho, or cormorant fisherman. She went home and got a photograph of him.</div>
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What surprised me was learning he fished without using a leash, relying on voice commands only. Takamori said they would use their birds as decoys to catch young birds, and they would release older birds back to the wild. Also, he said this fishing had only a slight history as a tourist event. Imagine, these were commercial fishermen using birds.</div>
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Takamori's boats were built by Mr. Sasai, who is now 85. He built these about five years ago and they are his last boats. I obviously hoped to meet him but Takamori said he was ill, so I didn't press this.</div>
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The same wide, slightly tapered bow plank I've been seeing on river boats this trip.</div>
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The beams notch into the sides with a dovetail joint.</div>
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Takamori explained his neighbors boat was rigged for pole fishing, not net fishing like his boats. The major difference are the double beams in Takamori's boats. He said his boats were the type the usho used.</div>
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Eriko and Takamori arrived just as I wrapped up measuring his longer boat, which is 21-feet long. He called them <i>hiratabune, </i>which means "flat-bottomed boat."</div>
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One of the old main streets near the river.</div>
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Takamori fishes the lower river down to the mouth.</div>
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Reiko and Eriko made some phone calls trying to reach the boatbuilder's apprentice, a man now in his 70s who builds boats upstream. He was out but we looked in on his shop where I saw a brand new boat. At a warehouse were more fishing boats. We met with the head of the fisherman's union who said about 800 people are active seasonally fishing for ayu, a sweetfish. Most are using a rod from shore but the net fishermen use boats. He and Takamori had said the boats were shorter upstream due to differing conditions.</div>
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I was going to measure one of these boats but it was only marginally smaller than Takamori's. Since these were out of the water, however, I was able to get more construction details and confirm the thickness of the bottom planking.</div>
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A view upstream on the Takatsu River. Its not dammed, efforts having been fought off by local residents. Its said to have some of the purest river water in Japan.</div>
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Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-45450755888953771722018-11-18T01:11:00.000-08:002018-11-18T01:19:30.134-08:00Ukaibune (Cormorant Fishing Boats) in Miyoshi, Hiroshima<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Yesterday afternoon I picked up a rental car in eastern Hiroshima and headed inland into the hills to Miyoshi, a mountain town where they use ukaibune. Fifteen years ago my wife and I traveled 10,000 km in a van around Japan meeting boatbuilders and we came here and met Mr. Mitsumori. Six years ago I learned he passed away, but three years ago a house carpenter began building boats.</div>
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The trip via Route 375 was gorgeous, passing through farmland that could have been Vermont but for the rice and the architecture.</div>
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Lots of these large farm complexes. The roof on the left is tin covering an original thatched roof. These old thatched-roof farmhouses are huge. A furniture maker lives in this one and has his shop and showroom in the barn on the right. He said the house has been in his wife's family since it was built 200 years ago.</div>
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I stopped in at the tourist office when I got to Miyoshi and asked them where I might see cormorant fishing boats. They fish while tourists watch summers only, but down at the port we found one boat, but this is shorter and just a regular fishing boat, not a cormorant boat. Three rivers converge in Miyoshi and this is the Basengawa, which means "horse washing river."</div>
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The staff person took me to the storage building for the town's fleet of boats. The large boats that carry the tourists they call yuuransen.</div>
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Some calls were made and Hirofumi Tenkyou, the current boatbuilder, came to meet me. He's sixty-five and says he'll keep building five more years. We had dinner together and as he talked about boatbuilding he kept using the verb "to eat." I finally realized he kept saying boatbuilding did not provide enough to feed oneself.</div>
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At the local museum they have an old tourist boat on display. This boat was interesting because it was set up for two people to scull oars from the stern with two bow persons using poles.</div>
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Fishing in front of tourists has been going on about one hundred years in Miyoshi.</div>
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Historic photo showing the fleet of fishermen.</div>
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We stopped at Mitsumori's house so I could pay my respects to his widow. I remember well his glass-walled shop...</div>
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...with its gorgeous view of the farming hamlet where he lived.</div>
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We had a great visit with Mistumori san and his wife fifteen years ago, but I was never in the house until today. It turns out Mitsumori san was an avid collector of Hello Kitty.</div>
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Mitsumori san's widow and Tenkyou san. I remember when we said goodbye fifteen years ago he and his wife both went back to work on the boat. I snapped a photo of her chiseling nail mortises. We talked about it today and while many boatbuilder's wives were helpers when needed, she worked more or less right alongside her husband. "A fifty-year apprenticeship," she joked. As we talked it was obvious she knew a lot about boatbuilding and the history of the boats of this region. She said she and her husband built between 1,000 and 1,500 boats. When he was young he could build a boat a week.</div>
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Here was a family photo showing Mitsumori building two large tourist boats outside of his shop.</div>
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The workshop, with a clay floor. I did not remember the strip of concrete from 2003.</div>
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Mitsumori san worked from memory, but his widow showed me these full-size drawings of some cross-sections.</div>
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He split a piece of hinoki specifically to make the blade of a sculling oar. I met a boatbuilder in Miyazaki who told me using the material like this made the finest oars, and he charged extra for them.</div>
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His son showed me a set of sawhorses of different heights, along with patterns for plank angles.</div>
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The strip of concrete was to provide a flat surface to set up the keel, which was laid on the horses of varying heights, matching the bottom's curve, then the red metal jacks in the back were braced against the ceiling to bend the bottom to shape.</div>
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Back at the City storage facility, I stretched a string to measure the curve of the bottom. These boats are just under thirty-feet long.</div>
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Details of the beams.</div>
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Looking at the stem detail. The middle plank lies on the beveled side of the stem (there is no stem rabbet) and the sheer plank lies on the square side of the stem.</div>
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Tenkyou san explained the small differences between his boats and Mitsumori's. He leave the middle plank wide at the stern so the boats track straighter. Mitsumori planed these edges flat to the bottom.</div>
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In the storage building was an old, dust-covered Mazda Porter, perfect for my next research trip. According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_Porter">Wikipedia</a>, this wagon is from the seventies and may have had a top speed of 49 mph!</div>
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I found one boat along the river. Tenkyou san said he sells these for $4,500. </div>
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Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-25970910685693637382018-11-17T01:17:00.000-08:002018-11-17T01:21:06.130-08:00Iwai Island (Iwaijima)The last two nights I’ve stayed with Mr. Koji Hara, who runs a kayak tour business from a small island. He is also part of a group called <a href="http://setoden.net/">Setoden</a> that hopes to build a replica ship from the Inland Sea. He took me to Iwai shima to meet a boatbuilder. First we drove to a very small village to catch a passenger ferry. There, an elderly woman gave me a tour of the village, showing me abandoned houses. She took me right into one house. Later I chatted with a 94 year old man cutting bamboo for firewood. He said he was from the village but had been drafted in the War and was captured by the Russians at the War’s end and held in prison for three years in Siberia. He said he was the youngest soldier in his group. As prisoners they cut firewood. He said his father was a boatbuilder and he thought he had his drawings and tools somewhere.<br />
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View from the road out to the ferry port.</div>
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The man's house and barn. Note his tricycle farm wagon, which had labeled capacity of 500 kg, over half a ton!</div>
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This woman chatted with us at the port while we waited for the ferry. My friends shared the story of why I was going to Iwaijima.</div>
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She went home and came back with this photo of a boat launching in town and insisted I take it.</div>
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On the island we met Mr. Shinsho, who is building about a 12 meter boat for Miyajima. He is 73 and a third generation boatbuilder. His great grandfather was a temple carpenter. His material is from Miyazaki and 12 meters long. All his planking and keel are made of full-length material. His shop has stone and concrete walls, no windows, and a dirt floor. He’s one month into building this boat and figures he has two months to go.<br />
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In the shed across from his shop were two large festival boats, one built by his father and one he built. The festival is 1,200 years old and only happens once every four years.<br />
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To bend the lower planks he uses a burner, but he spreads rice hulls (nuka) mixed with water on the plank to reduce the charring. He said it took one hour to bend the planks using props, etc. He mentioned this was the difficult part. The planking is .15 shaku thick and he said he could bend in the uwadana without fire. The keel is .30 thick.<br />
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He’s built about 200 boats, fishing boats up to 12 meters with the largest 16 meters. In recent years he’s been very busy building boats for festivals and shrines, the result of the disappearance of boatbuilders throughout the region. His frames are kusanoki. He works seven days a week. He was very quiet at first; he just kept working while we watched. Koji san slowly tried to introduce me, explaining that I’d studied boatbuilding throughout Japan. After about an hour he suddenly started asking me questions about whether or not I’d done certain things with my other teachers and how they did things. He’d listen to my answer, say nothing, and continue working. This went on until he announced he was headed home for lunch.<br />
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At a restaurant Koji, Akiko and I talked about the island. From a high of 2,000 people it now has 360. Fifteen years ago it was 500. It has become a bit of a magnet for I-turn people (Japan’s term for back-to-the-land types) who can manage to make a living doing some farming, gathering seaweed, or fishing. Its hard to buy a home on the island but rent is as little as 5000 yen ($40) a month or you may live in a house for free in return for maintaining it. For forty years the islanders have been protesting the plan to build a nuclear plant on the island facing the village. On the mainland you can see many infrastructure projects paid for by the electric company but the island has refused all such offers. To accept these offers would give tacit approval for the plant. Islanders have staged protests and been arrested. So far the power company hasn’t been willing to face the protests and start construction.<br />
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Lots of stonework on the island.</div>
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There is just a single village on the island.</div>
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Two small tenma boats Shinsho san built, 13 and 14 feet.</div>
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We returned to the shop and spent the last few hours of the afternoon with Mr. Shinsho. At one point he handed me his tsubanomi and had me make a nail hole. He asked more questions and answered mine. Mostly we talked about techniques and he was interested in knowing what other boatbuilders in Japan did in comparison with his methods.<br />
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The bulkheads are through-tenoned into the upper planks. </div>
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Shinsho san said he made this inkline. "Do you use these in America?" he asked.</div>
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Both he and Hashimoto (see previous blog post) are benefiting from the disappearance of craftspeople. Shinsho said he thinks he has two years of work. Ironically its a very good time to study boatbuilding in Japan with craftspeople this busy, though with everyone in their seventies and eighties these opportunities won’t last for long.<br />
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Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-6126289717728938112018-11-16T17:22:00.003-08:002018-11-16T17:22:46.289-08:00Iwakuni And The Cormorant Fishing BoatbuilderI met with Ms. Migiwa Imaishi, a researcher I collaborated with on last year’s project building a cormorant fishing boat in Gifu, Japan. See <a href="http://douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/ukaibune.html">here.</a> She staying in the Hiroshima region while on maternity leave and she had met the craftsman building cormorant fishing boats for the fleet in Iwakuni, just west of Hiroshima. Before we met with Mr. Hashimoto, we sat down to review the manuscript I wrote on building the cormorant boat. Her organization, an arm of the Ministry of Culture, will be publishing this book in 2020.<br />
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We found Mr. Hashimoto’s workshop in a small building right on the road along the shore. He was working on some small cabin tops for boats and had just finished fiberglassing them. His tools were stored along one narrow end wall. He spoke very quietly and I had to strain to hear and understand what he was saying. You’d call him shy for sure, but Imaishi had told me Hashimoto said he usually threw people out of his shop when he was working but that he’s realized it would now be important to have someone document his work.<br />
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Hashimoto san is 86 and he thinks he’s a third generation boatbuilder. He built 10-12 meter amibune (net fishing boats) during most of his career. He was limited to building boats less than five tons. He worked with his father and then basically alone and never had an apprentice. Occasionally he hired helpers. During the busiest times he was building 5-6 boats a year and fishermen had to wait two years for their boats. There were five boat shops along the shoreline of his town and his customers came from his immediate locale.<br />
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He has plank drawings and a notebook with dimensions recorded but he said, “That’s not something you show.” After hearing about my work in Japan he said in the old days there were traveling craftsmen called “watari shokunin,” then, looking at me, he said, “That’s what you are.”<br />
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He had several different terms for boat parts and techniques I’d never heard before. We talked about the launching ceremony, which he said did not include a priest. He said the new boat would be turned in a circle three times to the left. I’ve heard this before and I asked the meaning. He said he didn’t know, adding, “It only mattered in the old days,” though he thinks to the left because the sacred Shinto rope (shimewara) is rolled to the left. In the boat’s shrine they placed ten yen coins, paper dolls, and dice. He said these must be inserted when no one is watching. He said after launch the owner would take his friends for the first ride and then they would throw the owner into the sea. His final words were, “We have to follow the traditions.”<br />
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He sketched out his method for laying down lines on the bottom of one of his boats.</div>
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A marking gauge his father made.</div>
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Two of Hashimoto's wooden fishing boats (the bow bulbs also made fo wood) hulls now fiberglassed. They are the last wooden boats in the harbor.</div>
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He’ll soon start building a 12 meter tourist boat and when I asked where he’d be building it, he said outside next to his shop. There we looked at a small boat he had built, then cut in half and made a center section for to lengthen it. He invited me to come help him and seemed sorry to hear that I live in America.<br />
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Fifty years ago he started building cormorant fishing boats for Iwakuni, taking over when the previous river boat builder died. In the old days river and sea boats were built by different craftspeople. After saying goodbye we walked down to the harbor to see a couple of his larger fishing boats, the last wooden boats in the harbor. Then we went to Iwakuni. Seeing Hashimoto’s boats here was a revelation. He built both the cormorant boats and the larger tour boats that carry passengers to watch the fishermen. The latter are significant boats and according to the person we met there Hashimoto built all of them, a prodigious output. His cormorant boats are shorter than the one I built in Gifu, but basically the same shape. All the planking is cedar and almost all is full length, no scarfs in either the bottom or side planking. I noticed the bottoms are perfectly flat. Many small details are different as well. There was one boat from Seki there, donated to the local fishermen after many of their boats were lost in a typhoon.<br />
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Hashimoto's cormorant fishing boats in Iwakuni.</div>
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A rare scarf in the planking.</div>
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The fleet of tour boats he built.</div>
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The famous bridge at Iwakuni.</div>
<br />Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-18048331287042251992018-11-14T00:09:00.002-08:002018-11-14T00:09:58.246-08:00HiroshimaI traveled back from Kochi and the Shimanto River to Hiroshima. I am due to meet a researcher tomorrow and interview a cormorant fishing boat builder in Iwakuni. Today was basically a day off but a couple of boats came my way regardless.<br />
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Hiroshima is obviously most famous for the Atom Bomb Dome and museum. I <a href="http://blog.douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/2018/08/kaidenma-races-osakikamijima-hiroshima.html">blogged</a> about the Peace Park after visiting here last August. Today I decided to see some different sites and settled on Shukkeien, a traditional garden built starting in 1620, and a small history and folklore museum.<br />
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Hisroshima is really a lovely city, with several rivers flowing out of the mountains and through the city center. Almost all the river banks are green spaces, which makes for very pleasant walking.</div>
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This willow had a sign indicating it had survived the atomic bombing.</div>
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I got to the garden early and had it almost to myself at the outset. The Peace Park is the major magnet for tourists to Hiroshima, though the pamphlet said this garden has 250,000 visitors a year.</div>
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The pamphlet didn't say when this granite bridge, meant to evoke a rainbow, was built, but it said it was remodeled in the 18th Century.</div>
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Fourteen small islands dot the pond. Their shapes are meant to evoke cranes and tortoises, symbols of longevity.</div>
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One of three teahouses in the garden.</div>
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The garden's pond is fed by the nearby river, which is a tidal stream and therefore slightly brackish. The carp thrive as well as some species of sea fish.</div>
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And a traditional boat! Staff told me the gardeners use it to get to the islands.</div>
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A couple dressed in kimono here for wedding photos.</div>
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The bride-to-be had someone to take care of adjusting the kimono. They aren't getting married until next April but they wanted fall photos.</div>
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A species of tree not resistant to cold gets wrapped in rice straw for the winter.</div>
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The museum had a great exhibit on traditional river cargo boats of Hiroshima.</div>
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The classic Japanese sail consists of vertical panels loosely woven so they can open and spill high winds. A form of self-reefing.</div>
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I was told this replica was half scale.</div>
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<br />Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-26072034863874801332018-11-11T22:44:00.002-08:002018-11-13T03:52:16.834-08:00Measuring Boats - Oodochi, KochiSpent much of the day yesterday in Oodochi, a small town outside of Kochi City where an exhibition of traditional artifacts was stage in a school gymnasium. Three boats from the collection of the Prefectural Museum of History were on display and it was an opportunity to measure them. They were built by two of the men I met the day before, Nakawaki san and Kayou san.<br />
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Poster for the day's event.</div>
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At the entry a man was demonstrating planing. These contests take place throughout Japan and have enthusiastic clubs that compete to see who can make the thinnest shaving with a hand plane. He invited me to try.</div>
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The translucent shaving I produced. Not really a big deal since he had done the sharpening and setup on the plane.</div>
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He measured my shaving with his micrometer: 36 microns thick. He told me in a contest he created a 3 micron shaving, and its honestly hard to believe of something less than one-tenth as thick as this.</div>
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The display. </div>
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These are <i>tabune, </i>or rice field boats. They were loaded with tools or rice and pushed like sleds.</div>
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Here are the boats were came to see. The museum commissioned them from the two builders.</div>
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I measured the two smaller boats, 13-1/2 feet and 20-feet long respectively, both built by Nakawaki san.</div>
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I mentioned in an earlier blog post how Mr. Kayou wouldn't talk to us. He built this boat and its details were extraordinary. It is one of the most finely-built boats I have ever seen. Kataoka san measured it.</div>
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A look in the bottom at the nail plugs.</div>
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All these river boats we have seen have a simple door hinged to the top of the aft deck. Kayou's boat has two sliding doors made of highly figured panels, hand-planed to a glass-smooth finish.</div>
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A look at the forward deck. All the fits are perfect.</div>
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A pair of grown knees serves as the main frames of the boat.</div>
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His beams at the rail are through tenoned. I neglected to photograph the visible tenon but the fits were perfect.</div>
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His floor timbers are clench-nailed into shallow mortises.</div>
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The bailer has an interesting lamination for the bottom of the handle.</div>
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This is the <i>rogui,</i> the post the sculling oar pivots on. What struck me was the curved block for the oar to rock side to side. Kayou built this boat for the museum at the end of his career and it may be he decided to show off his skills. Its hard to believe he would lavish this kind of attention on an ordinary fishing boat. There is a phrase in Japanese <i>ude no mise dokoro, </i>or "time to show off your skill." He succeeded here.</div>
<br />Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-29150686853713984362018-11-11T01:37:00.000-08:002018-11-13T03:53:25.899-08:00Three Boatbuilders In A Day -- the Shimanto River<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Yesterday a friend of my contact Mr. Shibafuji took me to the Shimanto River. The itinerary was to meet three boatbuilders there, two working upstream and one down near the mouth. The Shimanto is the only major undammed river in Japan, and its isolation probably explains why there are this many craftspeople building boats. In fact most of the boats I saw on the river were wood, and even the fiberglass ones are modeled on the traditional designs. </div>
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My companion Mr. Takaoka was intrigued by a building he saw on a hill so we drove up. What should be find but a small, local museum with a traditional boat out front. We immediately set to work measuring it. This could be an ideal design for someone interested in building their first Japanese boat.</div>
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Note the bow which is a flat board cut at the top into two horns. The anchor line passes through this notch. The boat is about thirteen feet long with very thin planking and two sets of grown frames.</div>
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Inside the museum was stuffed with artifacts, all from the region which is deep in rural Japan.</div>
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Including a larger version of the boat we saw outside, this one sixteen feet long. This is a fishing boat and the museum had all kinds of nets and traps for catching fish.</div>
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These wood-and-glass boxes are interesting...</div>
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... a primitive face mask for spearing fish in the river.</div>
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Lumbering and charcoal-making were important industries.</div>
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Historic photo of a log pile.</div>
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Before meeting the first boatbuilder we took a boat ride. The river is very low so the stretch we traveled was quite short. These boats were built by two of the craftspeople we were scheduled to meet.</div>
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The waters are about the clearest I have ever seen anywhere.</div>
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A short run of rapids on the way back.</div>
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Mr. Kawakami, 68, was a house carpenter who took over three years ago from the former boatbuilder in the region. He has built six boats now, for both fishermen and the downriver tour company.</div>
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He built the restaurant where we met and his plans, drawn on a plank, were nailed to a post.</div>
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As we chatted about boatbuilding he suggested we step outside to see the bottom of a large, old river boat. He said he's taken to pulling nails from old wrecks to replenish his stock.</div>
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This is a really bizarre construction detail found on this region's boats. The timber on the right is the bow plank/stem and on the left the bottom planking. The latter is beveled at the end and this is inserted in a notch in the stem. You can see the joint between the two saw cuts. No glue or fastenings are used; when the side planks are fastened it holds everything together. The bow plank is called the <i>neushi</i> and the name may refer to the two points which resemble horns ("ushi" means cow).</div>
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From there we went to visit Mr. Nakawaki, the man who retired. He is 83 and a third generation boatbuilder. He built boats 16-20 feet long and says he built 300 in his career. He claimed his father built 1,800 boats!</div>
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He had really interesting short tsubanomi for piloting nail holes. I've never seen any like this before.</div>
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He built without drawings, relying on memorized dimensions and these patterns for angles.</div>
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This was a fantastic little tool: a scribe. You can insert a pencil in any of the notches to get the offset you need.</div>
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Interestingly, Nakawaki san had a book in which he recorded dimensions for river boats throughout western Japan.</div>
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He also had his ledger of boats sold, with the year, customer's name, length of boat, and price. Here are his pages for 1993 and 1994. He built eleven and ten boats respectively those years for prices averaging about $2,000 USD. If that sounds absurdly low IT IS! However, Nakawaki said he could build a boat in 10-15 days and customers supplied the wood. Still, one of the realities of rural Japan are the hard work and low wages. I've found that while there are still markets for wooden boats customers have an expectation of price that no young person starting out could ever live on. Its a real problem furthering hastening the demise of wooden boatbuilding.</div>
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We were trying to get more details on the neushi bow plank and lo and behold Mr. Nakawaki had one, so I was able to get details of the plank rabbets and the notch.</div>
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From there we drove downriver and found Mr. Kayou. In his yard were two old yakatabune he built. These are party boats and note the bow cut off and leaning against the end.</div>
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Unfortunately Mr. Kayou is very hard of hearing and he made it clear he had no interest in talking to us. He is 87 and has been retired for about ten years. His wife was kind enough to tell us a few things. Kayou is a third generation boatbuilder and most of his boat were eight meter fishing boats.</div>
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She showed us this model her husband made of a <i>senba, </i>a local sailing cargo boat used to transport charcoal downstream and take rice, soy sauce, and miso upstream. She said her husband's grandfather used to build them. The model is 1/10th scale so these boats were 13.2 meter long, 1.8 meters wide and .55 meters deep with a 6.25 meter mast.</div>
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Not all days are like this in Japan but over the last twenty-eight years here researching boats I have had many extraordinary visits with craftspeople. Sadly, this last generation of boatbuilders has almost disappeared.</div>
<br />Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2379271667820721243.post-12182679088400727322018-11-08T18:30:00.000-08:002018-11-11T22:05:34.728-08:00Lake Biwa: Strange Boats and a RyokanOn my way from the Tokyo region down to Hiroshima I stopped for a day and a night in the Kyoto area. My friend Mr. Koji Matano builds western style boats on the shores of Lake Biwa and he’d written me earlier this year saying he’d found a boatbuilder and two old boats. I thought it was worth stopping to meet the craftsperson and see the boats. Lake Biwa had a completely unique style of boat, called a marukobune (not to be confused with marukibune, which means dugout). These boats feature a bizarre bow construction best described as stave-built. There are also some other oddities about these boats, so I was eager to take another look at them and talk with the boatbuilder, Mr. Okumura.<br />
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Koji tracked the boatbuilder down after finding this builder's tag nailed to the transom of an abandoned boat.<br />
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No point in trying to describe the bows of these boats. The photographs illustrate things better than I can describe. The side planks are nearly straight but where the hull rounds to the bow the planking runs at about a forty-five degree angle. These planks are not curved; the bottom is faceted to receive them. Koji had earlier discussed this with Okumura and he said first you construct the bottom (five planks edge-nailed together) and then fasten the stem to it. The bow planking starts at the stem and proceeds aft. We noticed the first two planks are parallel-edged, but the last one is tapered, which makes perfect sense as a shutter plank fitting tightly to the side planking. Everything is edge-nailed and then nails are driven into the sides through the aft edge of the shutter plank.<br />
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Hard to see, but a wedge is visible in the seam running horizontally across the center of the photo.</div>
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Copper covering the seams where the covering boards meet at the bow.</div>
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The first question would be: how does the builder get a watertight fit in the bow planking? Readers of this blog are familiar with the Japanese technique of running a series of saws through the seams to make a tight fit, and while this is probably possible here it seems problematic. As we looked closely at the boat we were going to measure, we noticed long, thin wedges driven into these seams from the inside, running from the bow about half way up the angled seam. I think this may have been a technique to back up caulking (Japanese caulk their boats from the inside), or it may have been a later repair. You can see copper covering seams and on larger versions of these boats every seam in the bow had a strip of copper covering.<br />
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Messing about in boats... as they say.</div>
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Transom construction of these boats is interesting too. The planks do not overlap the sides of the transom; rather the transom rests on the bottom and covers the end of the side planks. The nails come from aft through the transom and into the end grain of the planking. The joint is wrapped in copper so you can't actually see it in this photo. Twenty years ago I interviewed another boatbuilder on the lake and he said this was to avoid splitting the planking. One could argue the fastening are now at the edge of the transom but the transom is thicker and more resistant to splitting. I built a boat two years ago in Himi, Toyama called a <a href="http://douglasbrooksboatbuilding.com/zutta-tenma.html">zutta tenma</a> which had the same construction.<br />
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We stopped to see another boat, actually a nicer design in much more original condition, but its swamped and pretty impossible to measure. Notice how it has a clear curve to the sheer, unlike the boat we measured which has flat sides that only rise up at the bow. One mystery was we could not see any sign of a fastening between the aft bow plank and the side planking.<br />
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We went to see Okumura san and had a brief chat. He stopped building boats decades ago and runs a boat rental business. Off to one side were were surprised to see a pile of lovely lapstrake wooden rowboats, the remains of his original rental fleet (now his boats are fiberglass). Okumura san designed and built them, but what was really fascinating was discovering that he fastened the transoms the same way! Note the line of small fastenings at the end of the planks; which indicate a rabbet runs around the edge of the transom. He said these boats were framed in keyaki and planked in hinoki. They seem in great shape for their age (about thirty years old). We also noticed on one boat a symmetrical line of scarfs in the planking, each successive scarf hitting the adjacent frame. That breaks some cardinal rules of boatbuilding but the hull was fair and it hadn’t seemed to cause any problem. The plywood paddle boards sitting on top of the boats were for people to sit on. Little did Okumura know he’d invented the stand-up paddle board!<br />
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Okumura san and his lumber pile. The material is up to thirty years old.</div>
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His original lapstrake rental fleet and plywood surf boards.</div>
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A rabbeted transom!</div>
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A final thought on these boats and their strange construction: Okumura san told Koji that in this region there were few professional boatbuilders. People worked a wide variety of trades and had to be farmers, fishermen, and carpenters. These techniques may have been developed by people cut off from notions of “standard” boat construction. These boats may also descend from the single-log dugout. Elsewhere in Japan I’ve seen very unusual boats which followed on dugout traditions.<br />
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My host here let me stay in a traditional property he renovated. We toured his latest project, a 125 year old inn built right on the water. He’s five years into a complete restoration. As much original material as possible was saved and restored. Some spaces were completely renovated and modernized. The huge clay oven was built new to replace the original. The back rooms on the first and second floor look out on the lake, as does a first floor bath.<br />
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This modern kitchen counter was designed with a footwell on one side where people sit on the tatami floor on one side of the counter, while there is an even deeper floor on the other for the cook to stand. The owner eventually plans to reopen the property as an inn. The owner’s <a href="http://imazufukudaya.com/">website</a> has historic images as well as images of the restoration (click on the Portfolio page).Douglas Brookshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06515886845098653363noreply@blogger.com0